Chris Aiken, M.D. Psychiatry & Psychotherapy

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This site is for information only and is not intended as a substitution for psychiatric treatment.

Treatment Philosophy

Psychological distress affects the whole person, from their thoughts and emotions to their creative, spiritual and social lives. Together, psychotherapy and medication can address the underlying causes of these symptoms and help restore the freedom and joys of life.

I once had questions about these treatments that may be on your mind as well. How can a chemical imbalance respond to talk therapy? Should medication be used for symptoms of stress?

Some answers are now emerging as we gain a better understanding of how the brain works. Brain functioning is not just determined by our genes but can be altered by stress as well [1]. Amazingly, psychotherapy causes improvements in brain chemistry similar to those brought about by psychiatric medication [2]. Combining these treatments can bring a fuller and more lasting recovery than either alone [3].

Though combining psychotherapy with medication is often ideal, this is not always the case, and some people need only one form of treatment. Most people have a good idea of what is best for them. Sometimes a single cause is found (such as a vitamin deficiency or seasonal changes) and a single treatment is all that is needed.

 

Protecting the Brain

 

The pictures above demonstrate how certain medications can protect the brain and promote its growth. Our brains change over time, and both stress and mental illness can injure brain cells.  The picture at left has fewer brain cells, which shows the effect of untreated bipolar illness. To the right the brain cells are more plentiful and healthy – the result of treatment with a mood stabilizer (Valproic Acid, or Depakote). Other treatments that can protect the brain include antidepressants, pramipexole, and lithium [4].   

Scientists used to believe our brains didn’t change in adulthood, but new imaging techniques like the one above have taught us otherwise.  We also know that activity can enhance the brain: learning to play piano or even to juggle promotes growth in the brain. Other things you can do to protect the health of your brain are described in health and lifestyle and mental exercise.  More information about the brain’s healing properties are described in resilience.

Medication

While medication can dramatically improve certain conditions, most people have valid concerns that need to be answered before taking them, such as:

"Will I have to take this for life?"
"Can this be addictive?"
"What are the side effects?"
"Does it carry long-term risks?"
"Will it change who I am?"

I share these concerns, and try to select treatments that relieve suffering without unwanted effects.

In some cases, treatments are available which also improve physical health. There are psychiatric medications that can reduce heart disease, relieve chronic pain, and even protect brain cells from damage.

Certain vitamins and supplements also have physical and mental benefits, and many people are interested in natural therapies such as these. I work with people who seek complimentary ways to healing by helping them better understand these remedies.

It is important to consider how a medicine will affect you now as well as down the road. For example, some kinds of depression (bipolar depression) can get worse if antidepressants are used too long. Whenever possible I recommend treatments that will not just help in the short term but will improve physical and mental health for years to come.

Click here to read profiles of individual medicines.

Click here to read more about how the brain responds to medication.

Psychotherapy

Each person is unique, so the approach I take in therapy is flexible and responsive. Some people need only a few sessions to make the changes they want in their lives. Other problems are long-standing and require more exploration.

There are many kinds of therapy available; among those I offer are:

  • Psychodynamic therapy: an open-ended, explorative therapy.
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy: focuses on relationships, loss and life changes.
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): an active, problem-solving approach.
  • Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT): addresses mood swings, anger, impulsiveness and self-harming behaviors.

I also collaborate with other therapists to provide medication for patients who are in therapy elsewhere.

Scientific References

[1] Effects of stress and trauma on the brain:

McEwen BS. The neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress. Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder from a basic science perspective. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25: 469-94, 2002 (see also pages 317-40 and 443-62).

Hull AM. Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 181: 102-10, 2002.

[2] Common brain changes for psychotherapy and medications:

Thase ME. Neuroimaging profiles and the differential therapies of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 58: 651-653, 2001 (see also pages 631-648).

Furmark T et al. Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalopram or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 59: 425-33, 2002.

Baxter LR et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 49: 681-689, 1992.

[3] Improved outcome for combined psychotherapy and medication:

March, J, et al. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 Aug 18;292(7):807-20.

Keller MB et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1462-1470, 2000.

Barlow DH et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, imipramine or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 283: 2529-36, 2000.

[4] Protective effects of medication on the brain

Friedrich, MJ. Molecular studies probe bipolar disorder, Journal of the American Medical Association 293: 535-36, 2005.

Sheline, YI et al. Untreated Depression and Hippocampal Volume Loss, American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1516-1518, 2003.

Hirashima, F et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment and T2 Whole Brain Relaxation Times in Bipolar Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 161: 1922–1924, 2004.